Quellenliste
1 Paton A.: „Alcohol in the body“. BMJ. 2005 Jan 8;330(7482):85-7. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7482.85. PMID: 15637372; PMCID: PMC543875. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC543875/ (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
2 Kasicka-Jonderko, A., Jonderko, K., Bożek, M. et al. Potent inhibitory effect of alcoholic beverages upon gastrointestinal passage of food and gallbladder emptying. J Gastroenterol 48, 1311–1323 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-013-0752-y (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
3 Baraona E, Abittan CS, Dohmen K, Moretti M, Pozzato G, Chayes ZW, Schaefer C, Lieber CS.: „Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol.“ Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001 Apr;25(4):502-7. PMID: 11329488. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11329488/ (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
4 National Institute on Alcohol, Abuse and Alcoholism: „Alcohol’s Effect’s on Health. Alcohol Metabolism”, Juni 2025, https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/alcohol-metabolism (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
5 Daviet, R., Aydogan, G., Jagannathan, K. et al.: „Associations between alcohol consumption and gray and white matter volumes in the UK Biobank“. Nat Commun 13, 1175 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28735-5, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28735-5 (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
6 Larsson, S, Drca, N, Wolk, A. Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Study and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. JACC. 2014 Jul, 64 (3) 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.048 (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
7 National Institute on Alcohol, Abuse and Alcoholism: „Alcohol’s Effect’s on Health. Hangovers”, Dezember 2025, https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/hangovers (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
8 Richter M, Tauer J, Conrad J, Heil E, Kroke A, Virmani K, Watzl B on behalf of the German Nutrition Society (DGE): „Alcohol consumption in Germany, health and social consequences and derivation of recommendations for action – Position statement of the German Nutrition Society (DGE)“. Ernährungs Umschau 2024; 71(10): online first + eSupplement, DOI 10.4455/eu.2024.033, https://www.dge.de//fileadmin/Bilder/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/DGE-Position_Alkohol_EU_2024_10.pdf (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
9 DGE, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung: „Am besten null Promille – neues DGE-Positionspapier zu Alkohol“, Presseinformation 2024, https://www.dge.de/presse/meldungen/2024/dge-positionspapier-zu-alkohol/ (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
10 WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer: „Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis“, https://www.iarc.who.int/reference/alcohol-consumption-and-site-specific-cancer-risk-a-comprehensive-dose-response-meta-analysis (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
11 Lees B, Meredith LR, Kirkland AE, Bryant BE, Squeglia LM.: „Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior“. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2020 May;192:172906. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172906. Epub 2020 Mar 13. PMID: 32179028; PMCID: PMC7183385, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7183385/ (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
12 Sjödin L, Raninen J, Larm P. Early drinking onset and subsequent alcohol use in late adolescence: a longitudinal study of drinking patterns. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2024;74(6):1225-1230. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.02.014, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X24001046 (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
13 Richter M et al. a. a. O.
14 Naik DR, Pina Leblanc C, Tang VM, Sloan ME, Nikolova YS, Pangarov P, Ruocco AC, Shield K, Voineskos D, Blumberger DM, Boileau I, Bozinoff N, Gerretsen P, Vieira E, Melamed OC, Sibille E, Quilty LC, Prevot TD. „GABAergic signaling in alcohol use disorder and withdrawal: pathological involvement and therapeutic potential“. Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 2023;17:1218737. doi:10.3389/fncir.2023.1218737. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neural-circuits/articles/10.3389/fncir.2023.1218737/full (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
15 National Institute on Alcohol, Abuse and Alcoholism: „Alcohol’s Effect’s on Health. The Truth about Holiday Spirits”, Dezember 2025, https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/truth-about-holiday-spirits (Letzter Abruf 07.01.2026)
16 Richter M et al. a. a. O.